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The cutting tool is a special type of tool that is required for cutting, dividing or machining a workpiece. It is particularly needed in various CNC processes such as turning, milling or drilling. Cutting tools are usually made of hard materials such as steel or diamond to improve precision and tool life. This is particularly important when the workpieces themselves are made of hard materials. The choice of the right cutting tool depends on various factors, such as the material hardness, surface quality or type of machining.

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Surface roughness measures the unevenness and texture of a surface at the smallest level. It is mainly measured by the height differences on the surface and is given in micrometers (µm). The mechanical properties strongly depend on the surface roughness as it influences friction, wear and functionality. Therefore, choosing the right surface roughness is also important for manufacturing processes such as CNC machining. The roughness is often improved by various finishing processes such as grinding and polishing.

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Fluidity describes the ability of a material to deform or flow under certain conditions. In the manufacturing industry, flowability is crucial for processes such as casting, injection molding and extrusion, as it influences the formability and surface quality of the end product. High flowability allows the material to be evenly distributed in complex shapes and reduces the occurrence of defects such as shrinkage cavities or cracks. From an academic point of view, flowability depends on factors such as temperature, viscosity and shear stress. In practice, optimizing flowability is essential to ensure efficient production processes, enable material savings and maximize product quality, which ultimately strengthens a company's competitiveness.

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Injection molding is a manufacturing process in which molten material - usually plastic or metal - is injected into a mould or tool under high pressure. This process is mainly used in plastics and metal processing to produce precise and complex components in large quantities. Injection allows detailed shapes to be produced with tight tolerances and consistent quality, which is essential for series production. The technology enables efficient production processes, reduced material waste and quick changeover between different product variants. In industry, injection plays a central role in the production of components for the automotive, electronics, consumer goods and many other sectors. The optimization of the injection process contributes significantly to the competitiveness and innovative capacity of manufacturing companies.