Incoterms (International Commercial Terms)

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CFR (Cost and Freight) is an international trade clause and part of the Incoterms. It is very similar to the CIF clause, but does not include insurance cover. This means that, as with CIF, the seller bears the costs of loading and transportation of the freight to the port of destination, but insurance cover for the risk of loss or damage must be assumed by the buyer from the time of loading. CFR is used exclusively in maritime shipping and is particularly interesting for buyers who organize the insurance cover themselves, while other costs are covered up to the port of destination.

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FOB (Free on Board) is one of the clauses defined in the Incoterms for recording responsibilities for buyers and sellers in the transportation of goods. This clause describes that the seller fulfills his delivery obligation as soon as the goods have been loaded onto the vessel designated by the buyer. After loading onto the selected vessel, the buyer bears all further costs and risks, including freight, insurance and unloading. FOB is used exclusively in shipping and facilitates the drafting of contracts for delivery.

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The international trade term CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) is part of the Incoterms and describes the case where the seller assumes the costs and minimum insurance of the freight up to the destination, but not the risk of loss or damage once it has been handed over to the first carrier. Overall, CIP is very similar to CPT, with the difference of additional insurance coverage. CIP can be applied to all types of transportation.

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The international trade term EXW (Ex Works) is part of the Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) and states that the seller fulfills their delivery obligation as soon as they have made the goods available for collection at their location. This type of delivery is therefore also called "ex works." The seller is therefore not responsible for transport and shipping, so the buyer must bear the logistics and costs themselves. This type of delivery is particularly suitable if the buyer already has a large existing logistics network or has sufficient experience and resources for logistics handling.

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One international trade clause of the Incoterms is the FCA (Free Carrier). This states that the seller delivers the goods to a specified location or to a named carrier and must bear all costs and risks up to this point, including insurance and export duties. From the point of delivery, the buyer then assumes all duties and responsibilities for the remaining stages of delivery. The clause can be used flexibly for various transportation routes such as ship or plane.